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International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Update to an Inventory of U.S. Government Spending

International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Inventory of U.S. Government Spending and a Framework for Measuring Benefits

Penned By Caroline S. Wagner
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International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Update to an Inventory of U.S. Government Spending

International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Inventory of U.S. Government Spending and a Framework for Measuring Benefits

Penned By Caroline S. Wagner
4.85 75,269 Ratings
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Editor's Note:
Scientific research is becoming increasingly more globalized and more collaborative. At the same time, there is growing pressure within the United States to justify government funding for science and technology (S&T). The potential conflict between these developments raises questions of whether U.S. investment in S&T benefits U.S. taxpayers and whether investment in scientific capacity building overseas has created competition rather than mere assistance. To understand the answers to these questions, this report describes the scope and nature of U.S. spending on international cooperative research and development (ICRD) in fiscal year (FY) 1997. Most spending (over 90 percent) is for collaboration on common research problems among scientists from different countries. Aerospace S&T dominated spending, with biomedical science a distant second. This book finds that the federal government spent $4.4 billion on ICRD in FY 1997, an increase of $1.1 billion over FY 1995. However, this figure may reflect better data collection and increased reporting, rather than an actual increase in spending. The only notable change in the two-year period involves a substantial increase in cooperative activity with Russia, tied heavily to space-related projects.

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Released February 17, 1998
Identifier (ISBN) 15015710
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Caroline S. Wagner
The Mind Behind the Work
Caroline S. Wagner

Caroline S. Wagner is a writer and avid reader based in the Pacific Northwest. Before pursuing writing full-time, they spent over a decade working in education. When not working on their next book, Caroline S. Wagner can usually be found hiking with their dog or trying out new coffee shops in their neighborhood.

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"Absolutely brilliant. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. A true literary gem."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"I was completely blown away. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"Absolutely brilliant. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. A true literary gem."
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"A highly sophisticated read. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
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"Absolutely brilliant. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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